chile revolution 1970

But Allende and his populist reforms weren’t popular with one group: U.S. corporations like ITT , Pepsi and Anaconda Copper, and they leaned heavily on a friend in the White House, Richard Nixon, and his chief foreign policy architect Henry Kissinger, to do something. These highly controversial dates pooh-poohed the long-accepted Clovis paradigm, which stated that the Americas w… Two simultaneous campaigns were led by the United States in Latin America — first, coordination and training of the armed forces of Latin American countries. Mar 24, 1969. From 1970 to 1973, the United States government was involved in overt and covert actions against the elected government of Chile led by Marxist Salvador Allende. While Portales’s constitution was not replaced during the Civil War of 1891, the war pitted congress against the presidency and the Navy against the Army. World Outlook. Fourth International / Trotskyism, Internationalism, Latin America. Support for Coup in 1970. These are not just tactical trainings but ideological indoctrination that primed militaries across Latin America to orient towards “internal enemies.”. This support by … April 3, 1972. Exploitation of mineral resources led to a more industrialized political economy, with an ascendent, small mining elite, often with ties to the Great Britain and the United States. PINOCHET'S CHILE. Beauvais showed that while the CP remained reformist, due to the general process of political radicalization in the country the left wing of the SP had grown considerably—including a grouping called the National Liberation Army (ELN). Saltpeter mining, being heavily dependent on manual labor, also served to absorb the excess rural population, and on the one hand fueled an increasing urbanization in Chile, creating a growing commercial class of petit bourgeois merchants in Chilean cities, while on the other gave rise to the first labor unions in Chile. The basis of this political power was a centuries-old system of land ownership and a form of semi-feudal tenant farming. Meanwhile the antagonism with the ruling classes—the traditional oligarchy and foreign-dependent capitalist class, and aligned elements of the middle classes—was only heightened. The SWP would not, I do not believe, have agreed with all of the formulations in that document, but found it important to show concrete examples of what key groups were actually doing on the ground. Inprecor. Only under the threat of mutiny did the Socialist Republic organize elections and center-right candidate Arturo Alessandri won the race. There is considerable debate … [6] ‘The Real Perspective Facing the Chilean Masses’. Friends Nº 20 December 11th. Her songs about strikes, police violence, electoral opportunism, and exploitation of workers quickly became standards in a growing Chilean folk music scene. [39] Cable, Santiago Station to CIA HQ, “Arms to Start Uprising,” 06 October 1970. After resigning in scandal, Ibáñez’s successor was once again ousted by a military coup, led by Marmaduque Grove, who had been involved in the previous coup and with his other co-putschists declared the Socialist Republic of Chile in 1931, which was not actually popular with the Armed Forces. The article ended with the warning that while “Allende’s program is more radical on paper than that of the Popular Front of 1938 … it remains to be seen what his bourgeois allies, present and prospective, will allow him to put into practice.”. The pace and urgency in denouncing Allende in every concrete case became even more resounding as the coup-seekers became fully mobilized in 1973. This paper provides the talking points for CIA director Richard Helms to brief the NSC on the situation in Chile. The vital power of unity will break the dams of dictatorships and open the course for other peoples to be free and to build their own destiny.”. [11] This followed a year of reporting on the Chilean police and military being used to violently put down demonstrations for workers’ rights and against imperialism.[12]. The revolutionary process in Chile, and its roots in Chilean history, are a rich source of inspiration and critical reflection. Therefore, Garcia called for the arming of the workers, while pointing out that the reformist parties refused to take that step. The industrial and agrarian reforms under Allende were instigated by a tremendous push from below in … Inprecor. Allende versus President Nixon . https://www.facebook.com/FotosHistoricasDeChile/photos/a.209224165897991/1416077831879279/?type=3, http://www.memoriachilena.gob.cl/602/w3-article-77244.html, https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituci%C3%B3n_Pol%C3%ADtica_de_la_Rep%C3%BAblica_de_Chile_de_1925#/media/Archivo:Chile_Constitucion_1925.jpg, https://www.facebook.com/FotosHistoricasDeChile/photos/a.209224165897991/1453465784807150/?type=3, http://www.bifurcaciones.cl/2013/03/el-chile-de-la-unidad-popular/, Salvador Allende spoke to the assembled crowd, from the balcony of the Federation of Chilean Students, How US Intelligence lured Japan to reveal its next attack after Pearl Harbor, How a Simple, Little Pencil Changed the World Forever, Abraham Lincoln Was President Because He Was Moderate, Food That Conquered The World: Napoleon’s Grande Armée, Hagia Sophia and the Architectural Secret That Has Safeguarded Its Purpose for Centuries, 大逆事件 (Taigyaku Jiken): An Introduction to the Anarchists of Japan, The relationships between different dominant and subordinate classes, domestically and internationally, The relationships between the popular classes and their (at least nominal) political leadership (trade unions, political parties, coalitions, and eventually government), The role of the state (and various institutional elements of the state) in mediating, exacerbating, and engaging in class conflict. Intercontinental Press, published by the Socialist Workers Party in the U.S. during that period, was a journal that oriented toward building a class-struggle left wing in social movements around the world. Thomas Hauser, Missing . The only armed resistance came in a handful of factories, the La Legua poblacion in Santiago and in isolated gunfights with MIR activists. The Alliance for Progress, signed in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy, was designed to prevent the spread of socialism throughout the … He stated that the MIR (Movement for the Revolutionary Left) might have been a key element in providing a revolutionary leadership for workers and peasants, but its ambiguous politics—at first believing that it would be impossible for the UP to win the elections, and then partially subordinating itself to the Allende forces—had weakened its influence. [8] ‘MIR Call for Unity Against the Reactionary Offensive’. Even low-level government functionaries and party members were kidnapped, rounded up, tortured, and executed, in the most vicious and horrific ways imaginable (the documentary work of Patricio Guzman is especially poignant in its portrayal of this brutality, and no visit to Santiago should be complete without a visit to the Museo de la Memoria, whose collection of first-hand accounts is a chilling and poignant testimony to the barbarity of the dictatorship). Soon afterward, the Oct 5, 1970, issue of IP carried an article by a Chilean, Alfredo Garcia, titled “Behind Allende’s Electoral Victory,” which had been written on the eve of the elections. The Socialist Workers Party and its international cothinkers had fundamental criticisms of the Popular Unity (Unidad Popular, UP) government led by Salvador Allende. Our context today is far different, and though the long shadow of Pinochet hangs over the entire revolutionary project in Chile, the lessons to be learned are not entirely premised on the strategic and tactical errors made by the leadership. U.S., Centrist and Rightist reactions to rising leftist militance and … On May 15, 1972, Intercontinental Press printed “Reaction Opens Offensive Against Allende,” which detailed a mass mobilization of the right. The Revolution of 1851 was an attempt to overthrow the conservative government by Chilean liberals. Presidents in Chile were prohibited from running for second terms. In a spectacular historical coincidence, the first September issue of Intercontinental Press was published on Sept. 10, 1973, one day before the coup that killed Allende and implemented the reign of terror under Pinochet. But the strengths of the Popular Unity coalition, the 1970 presidential victory, the decades of workers’ struggles that preceded it, as well as the merits of the Popular Unity government’s 1,000 days in power also cannot be ignored— in what they were able to achieve against the strong headwinds of an unfavorable international economic situation, in the shadow of a hostile world economic power, and against the domestic turbulence of right-wing vigilante violence and economic and political sabotage by the ruling classes as well as in terms of leading a united working class in a revolutionary struggle to remake Chilean society. Simultaneously, the Chilean state solidified its dependence on private, monopoly saltpeter mining by foreign interests through a tax structure that made state revenue highly dependent on sodium nitrate mining, effectively subordinating the Chilean economy to British capitalism, which also came to dominate the internal consumer market through importation of British manufactured goods. The CIA document s that the article mentions can be found at the following website: Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents relating to the Military Coup, 1970 … New York : Monthly Review Press, ©1979 (OCoLC)561611285 That issue had three major articles on Chile. The tax was a flat-rate … Garcia detailed the quasi-opposed interests of the different sectors of national capitalists. Oct 30, 1972. 1164. The author showed that while the Socialist and Communist Parties together held the most seats in the UP bloc, the largest single grouping was the “bourgeois liberal” Radical Party. The mythos of Chilean liberal-democratic institutionality at the time of Allende’s election traces a continuity from the 1833 constitution of Diego Portales, a minister of President José Joaquín Prieto charged with drafting a new constitution. [2] ‘Draw Your Own Conclusions’. Even before the election of Allende, Intercontinental Press covered developments in the Chilean class struggle with a high level of depth and precision. At the outset the junta received the support of the oligarchy and of a sizable part of the middle class. 1000 Days of Revolution – Chilean Communists on the Lessons of Popular Unity 1970-73; Praxis Press, 2018; ISBN 978-1-899155-071. When German scientists discovered a means to synthesize sodium nitrate, natural sources of saltpeter were no longer necessary. The author reported that the SP had adopted resolutions that talked of mass mobilizations for class struggle. 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