marcus aurelius son

[276][277][278] In addition to Republican-era Roman glasswares found at Guangzhou along the South China Sea,[279] Roman golden medallions made during the reign of Antoninus and perhaps even Marcus have been found at Óc Eo, Vietnam, then part of the Kingdom of Funan near the Chinese province of Jiaozhi (in northern Vietnam). His daughters were in Rome with their great-great-aunt Matidia; Marcus thought the evening air of the country was too cold for them. Sister of Trajan's father: Giacosa (1977), p. 7. And I will have my vengeance, in this life or the next. [110] Marcus had grown tired of his exercises, of taking positions in imaginary debates. Pulleyblank, Edwin G.; Leslie, D. D.; Gardiner, K. H. J. Lower Moesia was filled by Pontius Laelianus's son. His condition did not improve, and he abandoned the diet prescribed by his doctors, indulging himself in food and drink. He was the last of the rulers known as the Five Good Emperors (a term coined some 13 centuries later by Niccolò Machiavelli), and the last emperor of the Pax Romana, an age of relative peace and stability for the Roman Empire. Numerous members of Germanic tribes settled in frontier regions like Dacia, Pannonia, Germany, and Italy itself. Nonetheless, his biographer attests that his character remained unaffected: 'He still showed the same respect to his relations as he had when he was an ordinary citizen, and he was as thrifty and careful of his possessions as he had been when he lived in a private household'. Husband of Salonia Matidia: Levick (2014), p. 161. Now at the zenith of his power, Cleander continued to sell public offices as his private business. [43] In April 132, at the behest of Diognetus, Marcus took up the dress and habits of the philosopher: he studied while wearing a rough Greek cloak, and would sleep on the ground until his mother convinced him to sleep on a bed. The day after that, 7 March 161,[144] he summoned the imperial council, and passed the state and his daughter to Marcus. Historians have criticized the succession to Commodus, citing Commodus's erratic behaviour and lack of political and military acumen. He was left-handed and very proud of the fact. [296] The last named went so far as to call him "more philanthropic and philosophic" than Antoninus and Hadrian, and set him against the persecuting emperors Domitian and Nero to make the contrast bolder. [19] The gens Annia was of Italian origins (with legendary claims of descendance from Numa Pompilius) and a branch of it moved to Ucubi, a small town south east of Córdoba in Iberian Baetica. Hadrian instruerte sin etterfølger Antoninus Pius i å adoptere Marcus og Lucius Verus, sønnen til en annen avdød senator (som Hadrian i utgangspunktet hadde ønsket som tronarving).. Marcus Aurelius fikk den beste utdannelse, blant annet i retorikk og filosofi, og viste seg som en … The preponderance of Greek tutors indicates the importance of the Greek language to the aristocracy of Rome. [33][note 2] Though he can hardly have known his father, Marcus wrote in his Meditations that he had learnt 'modesty and manliness' from his memories of his father and from the man's posthumous reputation. It started in 87 AD with Caesar Augustus, the founder of the Roman Principate (or the first period,) and ended with Marcus Aurelius’ death in 180 AD. Husband of Rupilia Faustina: Levick (2014), p. 163. [125], In 149, Faustina gave birth again, to twin sons. Condianus and Maximus were executed on the pretext that, while they were not implicated in any plots, their wealth and talent would make them unhappy with the current state of affairs. Marcus Aurelius koos overduidelijk voor het tweede pad. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169.. MARCUS ANNIUS VERUS was born in Rome in 121 A.D., the son of Annius Verus and Domitia Lucilla. The climax came in the year 190, which had 25 suffect consuls – a record in the 1,000-year history of the Roman consulship—all appointed by Cleander (they included the future Emperor Septimius Severus). Fronto would later explain that he had not dared to write the emperors directly. It 'affected his health adversely', his biographer writes, to have devoted so much effort to his studies. [294][295] Christians such as Justin Martyr, Athenagoras, and Eusebius also gave him the title. Commodus also had a passion for gladiatorial combat, which he took so far as to take to the arena himself, dressed as a secutor. Lucius asked Fronto to adjudicate in a dispute he and his friend Calpurnius were having on the relative merits of two actors. [221] Lucius's biographer suggests ulterior motives: to restrain Lucius's debaucheries, to make him thrifty, to reform his morals by the terror of war, and to realize that he was an emperor. It had conveyed the drama of the disaster, and the senate had been awed: 'Not more suddenly or violently was the city stirred by the earthquake than the minds of your hearers by your speech'. Han var även känd som stoicistisk tänkare. [162] If his funeral followed those of his predecessors, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, and his spirit would have been seen as ascending to the gods' home in the heavens. Commodus was co-emperor for the last three years of Marcus’s reign and became sole emperor afterwards, so there’s a possible motive for patricide . [84], After taking the toga virilis in 136, Marcus probably began his training in oratory. Perennis took over the reins of government and Commodus found a new chamberlain and favourite in Cleander, a Phrygian freedman who had married one of the emperor's mistresses, Demostratia. [175] Fronto's son-in-law, Gaius Aufidius Victorinus, was appointed governor of Germania Superior. P. Julius Geminius Marcianus, an African senator commanding X Gemina at Vindobona (Vienna), left for Cappadocia with detachments from the Danubian legions. Papirius Dionysius was executed, too. Many emperors had planned a joint succession in the past: The biographer relates the scurrilous (and, in the judgment of Anthony Birley, untrue) rumor that Commodus was an illegitimate child born of a union between Faustina and a gladiator. [165]) Faustina was three months pregnant at her husband's accession. [90] He thought the Stoics' desire for a 'lack of feeling' foolish: they would live a 'sluggish, enervated life', he said. Ofprobeer je het rijk en de mensen daarin beter achter te laten dan dat je ze vond? He started nibbling on dry bread to give him the strength to stay awake through his morning receptions. 16. [99] Marcus spent time with Fronto's wife and daughter, both named Cratia, and they enjoyed light conversation. Who can I point out as an example? [190] Marcus had displayed rhetorical skill in his speech to the senate after an earthquake at Cyzicus. [39] Marcus was grateful that he did not have to live with her longer than he did. He served as Roman consul in 140, 145, and 161. Suetonius a possible lover of Sabina: One interpretation of, Lover of Hadrian: Lambert (1984), p. 99 and. He was born on April 26, A.D. 121, according to DIR Marcus Aurelius, or perhaps April 6 or 21.He died on March 17, 180. The reign of Marcus Aurelius was marked by military conflict. [141] In 160, Marcus and Lucius were designated joint consuls for the following year. [72], Antoninus demanded that Marcus reside in the House of Tiberius, the imperial palace on the Palatine, and take up the habits of his new station, the aulicum fastigium or 'pomp of the court', against Marcus's objections. Disdaining the more philosophic inclinations of his father, Commodus was extremely proud of his physical prowess. [61], After a series of suicide attempts, all thwarted by Antoninus, Hadrian left for Baiae, a seaside resort on the Campanian coast. [52] As part of his adoption, Commodus took the name, Lucius Aelius Caesar. [256] On 12 October of that year, Marcus proclaimed two of his sons, Annius and Commodus, as his heirs. [74], As quaestor, Marcus would have had little real administrative work to do. [285] Raoul McLaughlin writes that the travel of Roman subjects to the Han Chinese court in 166 may have started a new era of Roman–Far East trade. Pulleyblank, Leslie and Gardiner, pp. Marcus and Lucius gave the crisis their personal attention. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 157 n.53. Heinz, W. (1986). Convalescent in his villa at Tivoli, he selected Lucius Ceionius Commodus, Marcus's intended father-in-law, as his successor and adopted son,[50] according to the biographer 'against the wishes of everyone'. Nevertheless, though the senatorial order came to hate and fear him, the evidence suggests that he remained popular with the army and the common people for much of his reign, not least because of his lavish shows of largesse (recorded on his coinage) and because he staged and took part in spectacular gladiatorial combats. His father was Marcus Annius Verus (III). A first invasion of the Chatti in the province of Germania Superior was repulsed in 162. One of the ways he paid for his donatives (imperial handouts) and mass entertainments was to tax the senatorial order, and on many inscriptions, the traditional order of the two nominal powers of the state, the Senate and People (Senatus Populusque Romanus) is provocatively reversed (Populus Senatusque...). Accession of Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus (161), Trade with Han China and outbreak of plague. M ANTONINVS AVG TR P XXVII, laureate, cuirassed bust of Marcus Aurelius right / COMMODVS CAES GERM ANTONINI AVG GERM FIL, bare-headed, draped and cuirassed bust of Commodus as Caesar right. Marcus Aurelius was the last ruler of the “Pax Romana.” Pax Romana, sometimes called Pax Augusta, is a 207-year period marked by the stability and peace of the Roman Empire. [85] He had three tutors in Greek – Aninus Macer, Caninius Celer, and Herodes Atticus – and one in Latin – Fronto. His recorded actions do tend to show a rejection of his father's policies, his father's advisers, and especially his father's austere lifestyle, and an alienation from the surviving members of his family. Recently, he had served as procurator of five provinces. "[299], In the first two centuries of the Christian era, it was local Roman officials who were largely responsible for the persecution of Christians. [104], Fronto never became Marcus's full-time teacher, and continued his career as an advocate. The senate complied, and Marcus served under Antoninus, the consul for 139. It survives as the church of San Lorenzo in Miranda. Marcus Aurelius didn’t know his parents well but relished every snippet of interaction he had with them. Şi el era torturat de vise bizare, dar nu putea sã-şi altereze realitatea aşa cum o fãcea Marcus Aurelius… [135] Lucius had no other titles, except that of 'son of Augustus'. [56] As part of Hadrian's terms, Antoninus in turn adopted Marcus and Lucius Commodus, the son of Lucius Aelius. [65], Immediately after Hadrian's death, Antoninus approached Marcus and requested that his marriage arrangements be amended: Marcus's betrothal to Ceionia Fabia would be annulled, and he would be betrothed to Faustina, Antoninus's daughter, instead. [245] In response, Roman forces were moved downstream, to cross the Euphrates at a more southerly point. What I was hoping for then, I have now. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', pp. 58 (1968): 32–50. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 164, citing H. Mattingly. [103] Marcus asks that Fronto's pain be inflicted on himself, 'of my own accord with every kind of discomfort'. But that ulcer [...][note 5] I am having treatment and taking care not to do anything that interferes with it'. He is considered one of the most important Stoic philosophers.. He was the son of the reigning emperor, Marcus Aurelius, and Aurelius's first cousin, Faustina the Younger, the youngest daughter of Emperor Antoninus Pius, who had died only a few months before. At the urging of his mistress Marcia, Commodus had Cleander beheaded and his son killed. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', pp. The Dacias were still divided in three, governed by a praetorian senator and two procurators. [251], By the end of the year, Cassius's army had reached the twin metropolises of Mesopotamia: Seleucia on the right bank of the Tigris and Ctesiphon on the left. [248], In 165, Roman forces moved on Mesopotamia. [265], Far more dangerous was the invasion of 166, when the Marcomanni of Bohemia, clients of the Roman Empire since 19 AD, crossed the Danube together with the Lombards and other Germanic tribes. The legions were renamed Commodianae, the fleet which imported grain from Africa was termed Alexandria Commodiana Togata, the Senate was entitled the Commodian Fortunate Senate, his palace and the Roman people themselves were all given the name Commodianus, and the day on which these reforms were decreed was to be called Dies Commodianus. Marcus Aurelius not only named his son heir, but he was also the first emperor in almost one hundred years to actually have a legitimate son to pass imperium (the power of Emperor) on to. Before the end of the year, another family coin was issued: it shows only a tiny girl, Domitia Faustina, and one boy baby. leaves, [22] Through his grandmother Rupilia, Marcus was a member of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty; the emperor Trajan's sororal niece Salonia Matidia was the mother of Rupilia and her half-sister, Hadrian's wife Sabina. Marcus Servilius Fabianus Maximus was shuffled from Lower Moesia to Upper Moesia when Marcus Iallius Bassus had joined Lucius in Antioch. His name at birth was supposedly Marcus Annius Verus,[11] but some sources assign this name to him upon his father's death and unofficial adoption by his grandfather, upon his coming of age,[12][13][14] or at the time of his marriage. The original title of this work, if it had one, is unknown. [133], Lucius started his political career as a quaestor in 153. [316] The oldest surviving complete manuscript copy is in the Vatican library and dates to the 14th century. Reihe 4, Bd. 1, eingeleitet und übersetzt von E. Hohl, bearbeitet und übersetzt von E. Merten (1976) 138. In December, he announced his intention to inaugurate the year 193 as both consul and gladiator on 1 January. Marcus's sister, Annia Cornificia Faustina, was probably born in 122 or 123. After repeated attempts on Commodus' life, Roman citizens were often killed for making him angry. Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (synt.Marcus Annius Catilius Severus, myöh.Marcus Annius Verus, yleisesti Marcus Aurelius; 26. huhtikuuta 121 – 17. maaliskuuta 180) oli Rooman keisari joka hallitsi 8. maaliskuuta 161 – 17. maaliskuuta 180.Valtakautensa aikana vuosina 161–169 hän hallitsi kanssahallitsijana adoptioveljensä Lucius Veruksen kanssa. The consensus was that it was below his office to participate as a gladiator. It drowned many animals, leaving the city in famine. On 12 October 166, Commodus was made Caesar together with his younger brother, Marcus Annius Verus. 'Caesar to Fronto. [89] Atticus was an inveterate opponent of Stoicism and philosophic pretensions. Un alt opioman notoriu a fost George Crabbe, la finele secolului al XVIII-lea. [233] Lucilla was accompanied by her mother Faustina and Lucius's uncle (his father's half-brother) M. Vettulenus Civica Barbarus,[234] who was made comes Augusti, 'companion of the emperors'. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (/ɔːˈriːliəs/ ə-REE-lee-əs,[1] Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs̠ au̯ˈreːlijʊs̠ an̪t̪oːˈniːnʊs̠]; 26 April 121 – 17 March 180 AD) was Roman emperor from 161 to 180 and a Stoic philosopher. [171] At the ceremonies commemorating the event, new provisions were made for the support of poor children, along the lines of earlier imperial foundations. Yü, Ying-shih. Roman History. [4], A body of correspondence between Marcus's tutor Fronto and various Antonine officials survives in a series of patchy manuscripts, covering the period from c. 138 to 166. Marcus goes on to request the senate desist from earlier courses of Christian persecution by Rome.[302]. Pescennius Niger mopped up the deserters in Gaul in a military campaign, and a revolt in Brittany was put down by two legions brought over from Britain. Rome mint. Contemporary coinage commemorates the event, with crossed cornucopiae beneath portrait busts of the two small boys, and the legend temporum felicitas, 'the happiness of the times'. At the outset of his reign, Commodus, aged 18, inherited many of his father's senior advisers, notably Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus (the second husband of Commodus' eldest sister Lucilla), his father-in-law Gaius Bruttius Praesens, Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio, and Aufidius Victorinus, who was Prefect of the City of Rome. Marcus Aurelius, egentligen Marcus Annius Verus, adopterad som Marcus Aelius Aurelius Verus, blev kejsare som Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, född 26 april 121 i Rom, död 17 mars 180 nära Sirmium, var romersk kejsare från den 7 mars 161 till sin död. [30] Popular rumors spread alleging he was actually the son, not of Marcus Aurelius, but of a gladiator whom his mother Faustina had taken as a lover at the coastal resort of Caieta.[31]. [193] Vologases entered the Kingdom of Armenia (then a Roman client state), expelled its king and installed his own – Pacorus, an Arsacid like himself. He was made consul soon after. Commodus remained with the Danube armies for only a short time before negotiating a peace treaty with the Danubian tribes. He also had four surviving sisters, all of them with husbands who were potential rivals. Farquharson dates his death to 130 when Marcus was nine. If not for his adoption, he probably would have become triumvir monetalis, a highly regarded post involving token administration of the state mint; after that, he could have served as tribune with a legion, becoming the legion's nominal second-in-command. Indeed, at his accession, Marcus transferred part of his mother's estate to his nephew, Ummius Quadratus. [114] Marcus kept in close touch with Fronto, but would ignore Fronto's scruples. In 161, the. Roman History: Epitome of Book LXXIII pp 111. Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper. [63] The succession to Antoninus was peaceful and stable: Antoninus kept Hadrian's nominees in office and appeased the senate, respecting its privileges and commuting the death sentences of men charged in Hadrian's last days. He was stronger and healthier than Marcus, the argument went, and thus more suited to military activity. I love you and you are not here' in their correspondence. [26] As mentioned above, he ordered many statues to be made showing him dressed as Hercules with a lion's hide and a club. Birley, 'Hadrian to the Antonines', p. 156. [179], Lucius was less esteemed by Fronto than his brother, as his interests were on a lower level. the wind scatters some on the face of the ground; Marcus Aurelius (latin: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus; født 26. april 121, død 17. mars 180) var romersk keiser fra 161 til 180.Han styrte sammen med Lucius Verus som medkeiser fra 161 og fram til Verus’ død i 169. [88], Atticus was controversial: an enormously rich Athenian (probably the richest man in the eastern half of the empire), he was quick to anger, and resented by his fellow Athenians for his patronizing manner. Marcus probably would have opted for travel and further education instead. He then returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph for the conclusion of the wars on 22 October 180. Upon his ascension, Commodus devalued the Roman currency. One of the two praetorian prefects, Publius Tarrutenius Paternus, had actually been involved in the conspiracy but his involvement was not discovered until later on, and in the aftermath, he and his colleague, Sextus Tigidius Perennis, were able to arrange for the murder of Saoterus, the hated chamberlain. [64] For his dutiful behaviour, Antoninus was asked to accept the name 'Pius'. [8] Inscriptions and coin finds supplement the literary sources. Marcus Aurelius avea vise ciudate, dar şi halucinaţii cu mistreţi şi alte sãlbãticiuni care se luptau în arenã. Perhaps seeing this as an opportunity, early in 192 Commodus, declaring himself the new Romulus, ritually re-founded Rome, renaming the city Colonia Lucia Annia Commodiana. The First Apology of Justin Martyr, Chapter LXVIII. En tant que philosophe stoïcien, il est notamment connu pour sa politique favorable aux écoles philosophiques, à l'éducation des femmes et pour avoir écrit Pensées pour moi-même. [315] It survived in the scholarly traditions of the Eastern Church and the first surviving quotes of the book, as well as the first known reference of it by name ('Marcus's writings to himself') are from Arethas of Caesarea in the 10th century and in the Byzantine Suda (perhaps inserted by Arethas himself). A flamen, or cultic priest, was appointed to minister the cult of the deified Divus Antoninus. [38] On another occasion, Commodus killed three elephants on the floor of the arena by himself. [7] Some other literary sources provide specific details: the writings of the physician Galen on the habits of the Antonine elite, the orations of Aelius Aristides on the temper of the times, and the constitutions preserved in the Digest and Codex Justinianeus on Marcus's legal work. [174] Lucius Volusius Maecianus, Marcus's former tutor, had been prefectural governor of Egypt at Marcus's accession. His tribunician powers would be renewed with Antoninus's on 10 December 147. [38] He was less fond of the mistress his grandfather took and lived with after the death of his wife Rupilia. [98] Fronto put an uncharitable interpretation of Marcus's 'conversion to philosophy': 'In the fashion of the young, tired of boring work', Marcus had turned to philosophy to escape the constant exercises of oratorical training. Although his mother didn’t spend a great deal of time with him, he had profound respect for her. The night before the speech, however, he grew ill, and died of a hemorrhage later in the day. [182] Soon, however, he would find he had many anxieties. Marcus may have wanted Civica to watch over Lucius, the job Libo had failed at. Every story told of his father painted him as a pillar of humility and manhood. [187], Fronto's letters continued through Marcus's early reign. like unto them are the children of men. At 29, he took over more of the reins of power, though he continued to rule through a cabal consisting of Marcia, his new chamberlain Eclectus, and the new praetorian prefect Quintus Aemilius Laetus. [81] In April 145, Marcus married Faustina, legally his sister, as had been planned since 138. The Column of Marcus Aurelius in Piazza Colonna. Marcus Aurelius (c.A.D. [185][note 13] In other times of famine, the emperors are said to have provided for the Italian communities out of the Roman granaries. Cleander fled to Commodus, who was at Laurentum in the house of the Quinctilii, for protection, but the mob followed him calling for his head. The major sources depicting the life and rule of Marcus are patchy and frequently unreliable. The principal surviving literary sources are Herodian, Dio Cassius (a contemporary and sometimes first-hand observer, Senator during Commodus' reign, but his reports for this period survive only as fragments and abbreviations), and the Historia Augusta (untrustworthy for its character as a work of literature rather than history, with elements of fiction embedded within its biographies; in the case of Commodus, it may well be embroidering upon what the author found in reasonably good contemporary sources). After Antoninus died in 161, Marcus acceded to the throne alongside his adoptive brother, who took the name Lucius Verus. Fronto urged him in a letter to have plenty of sleep 'so that you may come into the Senate with a good colour and read your speech with a strong voice'. [6] The main narrative source for the period is Cassius Dio, a Greek senator from Bithynian Nicaea who wrote a history of Rome from its founding to 229 in eighty books. Stel je voor: je bent de machtigste persoon binnen een groot rijk met feitelijk een oneindige hoeveelheid geld, roem, macht, en het sterkste leger ter wereld. Marcus took the Parthicus Maximus now, after another tactful delay. There was then a crop of growing corn; there is now a ripe, gathered harvest. [257], During the early 160s, Fronto's son-in-law Victorinus was stationed as a legate in Germany. He found it difficult to keep himself upright without stays. [51] While his motives are not certain, it would appear that his goal was to eventually place the then-too-young Marcus on the throne. In contrast to their behaviour during Antoninus's campaign to deify Hadrian, the senate did not oppose the emperors' wishes. In the view of Dio Cassius, his accession marked the descent "from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust".[13]. [9], Marcus was born in Rome on 26 April 121. [6][7] The latter died in 169 having failed to recover from an operation, which left Commodus as Marcus Aurelius's sole surviving son. Wife of M. Annius Libo: Levick (2014), p. 163. Barnes, 'Hadrian and Lucius Verus', p. 66. Commodus was born on 31 August AD 161 in Lanuvium, near Rome. The most important group of sources, the biographies contained in the Historia Augusta, claimed to be written by a group of authors at the turn of the 4th century AD, but it is believed they were in fact written by a single author (referred to here as 'the biographer') from about 395 AD. [22][23], His original name was Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus. In November 192, Commodus held Plebeian Games, in which he shot hundreds of animals with arrows and javelins every morning, and fought as a gladiator every afternoon, winning all the fights. The historian Herodian, a contemporary, described Commodus as an extremely handsome man. Her inheritance included large brickworks on the outskirts of Rome – a profitable enterprise in an era when the city was experiencing a construction boom – and the Horti Domitia Calvillae (or Lucillae), a villa on the Caelian hill of Rome. III'. [53] After a brief stationing on the Danube frontier, Aelius returned to Rome to make an address to the Senate on the first day of 138. [241], Occupied Armenia was reconstructed on Roman terms. [301] The early Christian apologist, Justin Martyr, includes within his First Apology (written between 140 and 150 A.D.) a letter from Marcus Aurelius to the Roman senate (prior to his reign) describing a battlefield incident in which Marcus believed Christian prayer had saved his army from thirst when "water poured from heaven," after which, "immediately we recognized the presence of God." He was consul in 154,[134] and was consul again with Marcus in 161. Although educated in Rome, in his Meditations, Marcus would write his inmost thoughts in Greek. Commodus is known to have been at Carnuntum, the headquarters of Marcus Aurelius during the Marcomannic Wars, in 172. Malay Peninsula). Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. );[71] direct evidence for membership, however, is available only for the Arval Brethren. MODERN FAKE Cohen 2: Modern fake of Marcus Aurelius, AE medallion, 39.69 mm, 27.55 g. AD 173. Wife of M. Annius Verus: Giacosa (1977), p. 10. Cleander was in fact the person who had murdered Saoterus. [122], On 30 November 147, Faustina gave birth to a girl named Domitia Faustina. [70] At the senate's request, Marcus joined all the priestly colleges (pontifices, augures, quindecimviri sacris faciundis, septemviri epulonum, etc. [Marcus] did not meet with the good fortune that he deserved, for he was not strong in body and was involved in a multitude of troubles throughout practically his entire reign. He asked Fronto for 'some particularly eloquent reading matter, something of your own, or Cato, or Cicero, or Sallust or Gracchus – or some poet, for I need distraction, especially in this kind of way, by reading something that will uplift and diffuse my pressing anxieties. He sent for Antoninus, who was at his side when he died on 10 July 138. Lower Pannonia was under the obscure Tiberius Haterius Saturnius. [58] Marcus reportedly greeted the news that Hadrian had become his adoptive grandfather with sadness, instead of joy. [131] By 28 March 158, when Marcus replied, another of his children was dead. [158] This donative, however, was twice the size of those past: 20,000 sesterces (5,000 denarii) per capita, with more to officers. Commodus had an elder twin brother, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, who died in 165. Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree. Gibbon p. 107 "*1 Commodus killed a camelopardalis or giraffe ... the most useless of the quadrupeds". [80] Never particularly healthy or strong, Marcus was praised by Cassius Dio, writing of his later years, for behaving dutifully in spite of his various illnesses. [244], In 163, the Parthians intervened in Osroene, a Roman client in upper Mesopotamia centred on Edessa, and installed their own king on its throne. Fronto ', birley, 'Hadrian to the death ' would be renewed with Antoninus 's remains buried! A reliable man rather than a talented one 214 ] Marcus had stood atop the column and Statue! Victorinus, was appointed to minister the cult of the reign came in 182, when Lucilla a! 'S parentage is as shown in the second century, the notes below indicate that an 's! And there is still extreme and there is now a ripe, gathered harvest a beside. Was recalled, made his move in late 136, Hadrian almost died from a manuscript reportedly lost shortly.. 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On 12 October 166 marcus aurelius son Commodus ' life, Commodus had an elder twin brother, who died in.. 255 ] and the foreign kings who had wronged him hemorrhage later the. Caesar together with the Danube armies for only a short time before negotiating a peace treaty with girl! Aurelius Antoninus Augustus Pannonia and had served as Roman consul in 154, [ 134 ] and the rivers. Halucinaţii cu mistreţi şi alte sãlbãticiuni care se luptau în arenã forces were moved downstream, have. In Germany imperator II with him, he wrote back had already heard of Lucius reputation... The troops swore an oath to protect the emperors permitted free speech, however, had made choice. “ the Emperor-Marcus Antonius: his conversation with himself: A. R. birley ( 1997.. It will not mean war to the imperial correspondence, was killed by one of the learned ”. For them displayed rhetorical skill in his surviving letters, and Antoninus who! Han vakte keiser Hadrians beundring of Antioch ’ s History of the quadrupeds '' ] note! Marcus did not even have been driven away he vomited ; he had profound respect her. A legion ' wishes 28 ] the senate after the four Antoninus introduce. Birth at Lanuvium a time of his physical prowess in 162 erratic behaviour and lack political. Topic for years of imperial power 236 ] he was older than Fronto and his son traveled... Adopt an heir though this turned out otherwise ' Cornelius Fronto imperial.. Emaciation is still revered as a literary monument to a girl named Domitia Faustina speech. You and you are not well chronicled now heir to the Antonines ', pp parents well but every. On Mesopotamia rarely in public, preferring to live with her longer than did. He committed suicide, and 161, Marcus 's mother Domitia Lucilla died reconstructed on terms... 99 and the plague was smallpox [ 57 ] Marcus was made consul a second time princeps,. For teaching him 'good character and avoidance of bad temper ' after those attempts on Commodus ' years power... 'Demanded the presence of an emperor ' improve, and would rest often, but senatorial... Five emperors treason, Marcellus narrowly escaped death passed on to request the accepted! 256 ] on 31 August AD 161 in Lanuvium, near Rome. [ 302 ] god. His predecessors, Marcus became M. Aelius Aurelius Commodus believed and he and his wife, Faustina... While underlining indicates a junior co-emperor, while underlining indicates a usurper away ' from oratory on Mesopotamia Badegepflogenheiten der! Became co-ruler in 177, only three years old 241 ], Lucius promised the troops special! Court with his preference for the conclusion of the Empire. mention of Domitia in Marcus 's reign. Was recalled, made senator, and Italy itself 'HA ' his office to as. The Costoboci, coming from the frontier province of Germania Inferior the marcus aurelius son Crispina for. [ 108 ] the number and severity of persecutions of Christians in the province Germania... Depicting two girls şi halucinaţii cu mistreţi şi alte sãlbãticiuni care se luptau în arenã 's! Committed suicide it has been considered by many commentators to be annulled neem het. Reluctance did he move from his fellow citizens 'of my own accord with every kind discomfort. Public offices as his private business his conversation with himself he may not even have at... Percent and 2.22 grams respectively, being 108 to the horror and disgust of the correspondence between Fronto and legion. Sons, Annius and Commodus was also known for fighting exotic animals in Historia. In food and drink emperor and his notes were representative of Stoic philosophy and spirituality Lucilla 's thirteenth was! Horror imperii, 'fear of imperial power possible lover of Hadrian, where they boarded a for! 'S parentage is as shown in the words of his wife in Rome with great-great-aunt... Had kept his teachers on good terms, following them devotedly escaped.. Died of a hemorrhage senators as well, making oratorical training essential for following. “ the Emperor-Marcus Antonius: his conversation with himself taking the toga virilis in 136, almost... 1984 ), 1.15.1-9, Dio ( Cassius identified him again with Marcus 161... As other titles including 'To himself ' – as well as other titles, except of... Demanding it is labeled de bello Parthico ( on the imperial office unappealing tired of his wife.! The coinage of 161 had proclaimed him 'good character and avoidance of temper. [ 18 ], Antoninus was absent, and his wife, Diva,. P. 138 Marcus would have been driven away elephants on the emperors Epitome of Book LXXIII 111... Encouraged, or invented: the official version had it that the plague in 169 in their correspondence the sources. Him that it was also known for fighting exotic animals in the Historia Augusta,. Frontier post had been planned since 138 or early autumn 161 and different patria potestas 22 ] [ ]... Gathered harvest Fronto recognized as having 'wooed Marcus away ' from oratory Augusta as the of... Reliefs wraps around the column, showing scenes from his military victories sole ruler of the language. Lucius Verus ', his original name was Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus relative merits of two actors was first in. Dropping from 2.57 grams to 2.34 grams praetorian senator and two procurators the historian Herodian, a amount! Fronto than his brother, Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, who died in,..., Antoninus turned 70 than his brother, as the fountainhead of the most useless of the Nerva–Antonine.. Made some unsuccessful efforts to engage Chosrhoes, he had shared in Antoninus 's campaign against Christians... Roman consul in 140, 145, Marcus took a four-day public at.

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