horse chestnut oil

Steiner M and Hilemanns HG. Matsuda, H., Li, Y., Murakami, T., Ninomiya, K., Yamahara, J., and Yoshikawa, M. Effects of escins Ia, Ib, IIa, and IIb from horse chestnut, the seeds of Aesculus hippocastanum L., on acute inflammation in animals. Organic Horse Chestnut Oil for Varicose Veins, Broken Veins, Arthritis, Horse Chestnut Massage Oil, Carrier Oil, Facial Oil, Alcohol-free GardenofEssences. Whether your concern is shrinking varicose for health reasons, relieving the discomfort of hemorrhoids, or getting rid of spider veins for purely cosmetic reasons, natural relief for varicose veins can be as simple (and enjoyable) as gently massaging horse chestnut salve over the affected areas each evening. Arch Dermatol 1998;134:1356-60. The seeds of Aesculus contain a variety of complex constituents. Vayssairat, M., Debure, C., Maurel, A., and Gaitz, J. P. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. The horse chestnut tree is one of the symbols of Kyiv - the capital of Ukraine and 8th largest city in Europe. You can store the resulting mixture for several weeks in an ordinary household refrigerator. Erdlen F. Klinische wirksamkeit von Venostasin retard im Doppelblindversuch. A wide variety of horse chestnut oil options are available to you, Isabella's Clearly VEIN, Best Natural Varicose & Spider Veins Treatment. Sign Up to Receive Our Free Coroanvirus Newsletter. 1998;54(7):535-540. Case analysis from the Swiss Toxicology Information Center]. View abstract. All components of medicinal oil are mixed in arbitrary proportions. 2010;17(3-4):192-196. Horse Chestnut infused (Macerated) Oil is a product by Telia Oils. View abstract. Horse chestnut is considered as an effective home remedy for debilitating varicose veins. Cultivation for its spectacular spring flowers is successful in a wide range of temperate climatic conditions provided summers are not too hot, with trees being grown as far north as Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, the Faroe Islands, Reykjavík, Iceland and Harstad, Norway. The seeds’ active compounds appear to inhibit enzymes that can damage capillary walls, and this also helps strengthen veins. The seeds contain protein, ash, and 74% carbohydrate, and triterpene oligoglycosides from horse chestnut seeds have been isolated. Comaish JS, Kersey PJ. Paraben free Do You Get Hives? Horse chestnut essential oil Horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE) can be prepared as a topical gel, oral tincture, or tablet. Arzneimittelforschung 1996;46(5):483-487. Soft tissue swelling from bone fracture and sprains. Unpublished. View abstract. Horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum) is a traditional remedy for leg vein health. You can use some horse chestnut oil to massage your tired legs. View abstract. Horse chestnut skin benefits. Furthermore, it also helps reduce the related signs caused by varicose veins. Chem Pharm Bull. (Two - 8oz), Horse Chestnut Cream Planetary Herbals 2 oz Cream. A horse chestnut tree is a large, deciduous tree bearing the scientific name Aesculus hippocastanum, which may also be known as a conker tree in some regions, as per a research published in NIH. Bioflavonoids present include quercetin and kaepferol, and their derivatives. It can relieve the aches from stiff joints and the massage improves overall performance. Horse chestnut is an expectorant, decongestant, tonic, astringent, and anti-inflammatory. Active Constituents of Horse Chestnut The primary active constituent found in horse chestnut seed extract is aescin (also known as escin). BMJ 7-13-1996;313(7049):92. View abstract. The tree is also commonly known as conker tree. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. (2): Structures of escins IIIb, IV, V, and VI and isoescins Ia, Ib, and V, acylated polyhydroxyoleanene triterpene oligoglycosides, from the seeds of horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum L., Hippocastanaceae). Isabella's Clearly VEIN, Best Natural Varicose & Spider Veins Treatment. Rudofsky G and et al. 100% pure. It can relieve the aches from stiff joints and the massage improves overall performance. Popp W, Horak F, Jager S, et al. Thalmann C, Freise J, Heitland W, Bacher S. Effects of defoliation by horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella) on reproduction in Aesculus hippocastanum. J.Ethnopharmacol. View abstract. Xie, Q., Zong, X., Ge, B., Wang, S., Ji, J., Ye, Y., and Pan, L. Pilot postoperative ileus study of escin in cancer patients after colorectal surgery. It may be useful in reducing swelling, pain, and itchiness. Siebert, U., Brach, M., Sroczynski, G., and Berla, K. Efficacy, routine effectiveness, and safety of horsechestnut seed extract in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Acute Effusive Pericarditis due to Horse Chestnut Consumption. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:507-13. Efficacy and safety on use of dried horse chestnut extract in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency of the limbs. 2011;53(3 Suppl 1):51-55. Snow, A., Halpenny, D., McNeill, G., and Torreggiani, W. C. Life-threatening rupture of a renal angiomyolipoma in a patient taking over-the-counter horse chestnut seed extract. For professional medical information on natural medicines, see Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Professional Version.© Therapeutic Research Faculty . Friederich, H. C., Vogelsberg, H., and Neiss, A. View abstract. Usually, they are present without symptoms causing a further delay in the diagnosis. J Emerg.Med 2012;43(6):e401-e403. Aesculus hippocastanum is a medium-sized, rapidly growing deciduous tree, 15-17 meters in A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and large observational studies. Organic Horse Chestnut Balm ingredients: Helianthus annuus seed oil, Cera flava, Butyrospermum parkii, Aesculus hippocastanum seed extract, Arctium lappa root extract, Calendula officinalis flower ext, Rosmarinus extract, Lavandula angustifolia oil, Limonene & Linalool. This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. © 2005 - 2019 WebMD LLC. Strengthen Capillary Health, I… Planetary Herbals Horse Chestnut Cream combines a concentrated extract of horse chestnut (20% aescin) with the other renowned tonifiers, butcher's broom, witch hazel, white oak and myrrh. Contact dermatitis to extract of horse chestnut (esculin). Z.Hautkr. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr. Moisturizing. Soukand, R. and Kalle, R. Change in medical plant use in Estonian ethnomedicine: a historical comparison between 1888 and 1994. 1992;1. The seed oil contains 65% to 70% oleic acid. J Clin Pharm Ther. Lancet 1996;337(9009):1182-1183. The following dose has been studied in scientific research: BY MOUTH: Did you or will you purchase this product in-store or online? Recommended Use of Horse Chestnut Much more important is the escin component (the active compound), which should be between 100–150 milligrams per day. Brown K, Scott-Hoy B, Jennings. Bisler H, Pfeifer R, Kluken N, Pauschinger P. [Effects of horse-chestnut seed on transcapillary filtration in chronic venous insufficiency]. 2001;1(1):5. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. Zhongguo Gu.Shang 2012;25(7):572-575. 5 out of 5 stars (1,484) 1,484 reviews $ 1.02. Endl, J. and Auinger, W. [Early detection of postoperative deep-vein thrombosis in gynaecological patients by the 125I-Fibrinogen test (author's transl)]. -- These oils are not to be confused with essential oils, which are generally a product of distillation. 12 To treat tired and heavy legs, simply massage your legs with a little horse chestnut oil and then use a blanket to wrap your legs for 15 to 20 minutes. How to make horse chestnut extract oil? Horse chestnut is also known as the conker tree. View abstract. Horse Chestnut for Hemorrhoids. Amazon.com: horse chestnut oil. Horse chestnut is a promising alternative, and clinical studies have demonstrated that supplementing with horse chestnut seed extract may help relieve the pain and swelling of varicosities. 2009;33(2):348-354. Planetary Herbals Horse Chestnut Cream combines a concentrated extract of horse chestnut (20% aescin) with the other renowned tonifiers, butcher's broom, witch hazel, white oak and myrrh. View abstract. 9-15-1969;44(18):743-746. View abstract. New York, NY: The Haworth Herbal Press, 1999. Lange, S., Freitag, G., and Trampisch, H. J. In France, an oil extracted from the seeds has been used externally for rheumatism. ... ginger, ginkgo biloba, horse chestnut, willow bark, and others •medicines that treat or prevent blood clots like enoxaparin, heparin, warfarin This list may not describe all possible interactions. Contact Dermatitis 1980;6:150-1. Effects of accessory components on clinical and microcirculatory efficacy. Horse chestnut has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. Especially useful for improving the appearance of varicose veins. Horse chestnuts are often used in infusions, extracts, and topical applications. Some medications used for diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab, Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and others. Argento A, Tiraferri E, Marzaloni M. [Oral anticoagulants and medicinal plants. Horse Chestnut Oil is an astringent, anti-inflammatory herb that helps to tone the vein walls, when they become varicose, and helps hemorrhoids, in the same way. Senatore 1989, Tsutsumi 1967 This herb can help you prevent the risk of chronic venous insufficiency as well as other il… View abstract. The unique actions of Horse Chestnut Oil are targeted to the vessels of the circulatory system. Durham, NC: Duke University Press;1974. It is an excellent oil to use in Gardeners Hand Creams or Winter creams as it helps to boost the circulation to the extremities and stop the fingers getting too cold. Horse chestnut seed extract-an effective therapy principle in general practice. Treatment of patients with venous insufficiency with fresh plant horse chestnut seed extract: a review of 5 clinical studies. About 0% of these are Herbal Extract. 99 (£4.00/100 ml) CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: Top 10 Health Benefits of Horse Chestnut Anti-edematous Activity. FISH OIL, OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS (Fish Oil, oh MAY ga 3 fatty AS ids) are ... ginger, ginkgo biloba, horse chestnut, willow bark, and others •medicines that treat or prevent blood clots like enoxaparin, heparin, warfarin This list may not describe all possible interactions. What Are These Pimple-Like Bumps on My Skin? Other common names by which this herbal tree is known are European Horse chestnut, Conker Tree, Common Horse chestnut, Chestnut, marron europeen, escine, escin, aescin Cellu-Var, Marronnier Commun, Variclear, VeinAway, Châtaignier des Chevaux etc. A criteria-based systematic review. Suter, A., Bommer, S., and Rechner, J. Oil. View abstract. Top subscription boxes – right to your door, © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. Eur.J Clin Pharmacol. Schrader, E., Schwankl, W., Sieder, C., and Christoffel, V. [Comparison of the bioavailability of beta-aescin after single oral administration of two different drug formulations containing an extract of horse-chestnut seeds]. Fang, Y., Zhao, L., Yan, F., Xia, X., Xu, D., and Cui, X. Escin improves sperm quality in male patients with varicocele-associated infertility. Prime members enjoy FREE Delivery and exclusive access to music, movies, TV shows, original audio series, and Kindle books. Pittler, M. H. and Ernst, E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016 August 6; 7(3): 463-468. View abstract. Hardin, J. Aescin, Aescine, Aesculus hippocastanum, Buckeye, Castaño de Indias, Châtaignier de Mer, Châtaignier des Chevaux, Chestnut, Escine, Faux-Châtaignier, Hippocastani Cortex, Hippocastani Flos, Hippocastani Folium, Hippocastani Semen, Hippocastanum Vulgare Gaertn, Marron Europeen, Marronnier, Marronnier Blanc, Marronnier Commun, Marronnier d'Inde, Marronnier des Chevaux, Pu, Spanish Chestnut, Venastat, Venostasin Retard, Venostat, White Chestnut. Time is fleeting. Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J., Gavaghan, D. J., and McQuay, H. J. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. It can be found in many lotions, toners and firming skin products. Pilz E. Oedemas in venous disease [Ödeme bei Venenerkrankungen]. If you get frequent varicose veins or hemorrhoids, purchase an already mixed cream to apply directly to your external hemorrhoid. CLINICAL DAILY Blood Circulation Supplement. Herbal Varicose Vein Treatment. Aescin is a mixture of triterpene saponins present in two forms, a and b, which are distinguished by their water solubility and melting points. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants. Since chronic venous insufficiency is a long-term problem use of Horse Chestnut only delays needing a more permanent fix. If used consistently, the salve will noticeably shrink bulging varicose veins and spider veins. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004. 1 oz, Castor Oil USDA Organic Cold-Pressed (16oz) 100% Pure Hexane-Free Castor Oil - Conditioning & Healing, For Dry Skin, Hair Growth - For Skin, Hair Care, Eyelashes - Caster Oil By Sky Organics, Doctor Butler's Hemorrhoid & Fissure Ointment - Hemorrhoid Treatment with Lidocaine, Aloe Vera, Amino Acids, Essential Oils & Minerals for Fast Acting Itch, Swelling, and Maximum Strength Pain Relief, Primal Health Foods Organic Horse Chestnut - 60 Capsules 1,000 mg Per Capsule [Vegetarian, Organic, Non-GMO & Gluten Free], 100% Natural Arabica Coffee Scrub with Organic Coffee, Coconut and Shea Butter - Best Acne, Anti Cellulite and Stretch Mark treatment, Spider Vein Therapy for Varicose Veins & Eczema 10 oz, Varicose Cream, Varicose Veins Cream, Varicose Vein Treatment, Relief Phlebitis Angiitis Inflammation, Blood Vein Veins Vasculitis, Improve Blood Circulation for Treatment Legs Care, 100% Pure Jojoba Oil (HUGE 4OZ BOTTLE) All-Natural Jojoba Oil - Cold Pressed - Perfect Moisturizer for Hair, Skin, Face, and Hair. Available at: https://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity of Japanese horse chestnut seed extract has been demonstrated in animal experiments.Guillaume 1994, Sato 2006, Sato 2007 The bark of Aesculus is also reported to possess the anti-inflammatory steroids stigmasterol, alpha-spinasterol, and beta-sitosterol. Aesculus hippocastanum, the horse chestnut, is a species of flowering plant in the soapberry and lychee family Sapindaceae.It is a large deciduous, synoecious (hermaphroditic-flowered) tree. Diehm C, Vollbrecht D, Amendt K, Comberg HU. View abstract. Control Clin.Trials 1996;17(1):1-12. Due to the great beauty and grandeur of the trees, as well as the large, vibrant flowers, they have always been quite popular, in addition to its potential health effects. [Evaluation of internally effective venous drugs]. 1992;30(11):993-994. Horse chestnut refers to a plant and it has a significant amount of a poison named esculin. of olive oil and apply or massage this oil mixture on the affected areas 2 times daily. Aesculus Hippocastanum (Horse Chestnut) Seed Oil Extract is well known as an astringent and anti-inflammatory used to treat varicose veins, leg ulcers, and other vascular problems 1. View abstract. Antioxidants, … Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 2002;2(1):71-85. XII. View abstract. Altern Ther Health Med 2001;7(3):108. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:1221-7. Drug therapy of chronic venous insufficiency. Aescin (escin) is a mix of the triterpene saponins alpha- and beta-aescin and cryptoaescin. Pittler, M. H. and Ernst, E. Horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency. [Experience with horse chestnut containing medium in the treatment of varicose leg ulcers]. Herbalists often recommend Horse Chestnut Seed Extract to treat varicose veins, varicose eczema, frostbite, bruising, rheumatoid arthritis, sprains, muscle tension, and edema (swelling that is caused by fluid retention). 2004;(2):CD003230. In supplement form, horse chestnut is generally suggested at doses between 400–600 milligrams per day, divided into two dosage times, 12 hours apart. Horse Chestnut Seed Oil in a massage oil blend is superb for pre and post massage sessions. Anti-inflammatory. Buy amazing horse chestnut oil on Alibaba.com at irresistible offers and enhance your well-being. Diehm C, Schmidt C. Venostasin retard gegen Plazebo und Kompression bei Patienten mit CVI II/IIIA. MMW.Munch.Med Wochenschr 2-13-1976;118(7):213-216. View abstract. Ottillinger, B. and Greeske, K. Rational therapy of chronic venous insufficiency--chances and limits of the therapeutic use of horse-chestnut seeds extract. In addition, you may also mix horse chestnut … Poor Circulation and Vein Support For Healthy Legs. Tests for anti-oedema action of a venous therapy [Untersuchung zur oedemprotektiven Wirkung eines Venentherapeutikums]. Horse chestnut seed extracts are most commonly taken by mouth to treat varicose veins and other circulatory problems that can cause the legs to swell. Horse Chestnut oil and soap Recently I have been looking into Horse Chestnut as a soap substitute after seeing the effectiveness of a soapy leaved plant in Australia that produces a vast amount of suds and being told be an aboriginal elder that keeping your skin clean is of vast importance as it is the largest organ in the body. Allergy 1992;47:380-3. Gastroenterol Jpn 1986;21:62-5. All View abstract. An emerging interaction]. Horse chestnut has been used successfully in Europe for several centuries, but does not have such a long history of usage in the US, so talk to someone who has practical experience of this herb. Horse Chestnut Oil & Salve Bring Natural Relief for Varicose Veins While a horse chestnut tincture can be taken internally in small doses, a horse chestnut salve (or oil) brings soothing relief when applied topically. Efficacy of a Quebracho, Conker Tree, and M. balsamea Willd blended extract in patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Horse Chestnut Seed Oil in a massage oil blend is superb for pre and post massage sessions. Can use some horse chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency of limbs! And Kalle, R. and Kalle, R. Change in medical plant in... Activity of plant extracts Rechner, J appearance of varicose veins ( )., blanco C, et al music, movies, TV shows, original audio,. This could increase How much lithium is in the latex-fruit syndrome: a frequent cause of allergic in... As a topical gel, oral tincture, or tablet MH, Ernst E. Horse-chestnut seed on filtration. Infusions, extracts, and Kindle books my own extract 34 ).. Aescin ( 10 % ) and prosapogenin cosmetics containing substrates for aflatoxin-producing.! D, Amendt K, Tohyama T, and this also helps reduce related. And analgesic properties, why not use it 3 FATTY as ids ) are essential.. Suspected toxic tubulonephrosis due to escine, R. Change in medical plant use in Estonian:... Between 1888 and 1994 of patients with chronic deep vein incompetence, Yamahara, J. D. Toxicity of of. ( Two - 8oz ), which are generally a product of distillation of edema ] vessels essential! Tests for anti-oedema action of a venous therapy [ Untersuchung zur oedemprotektiven wirkung eines ]! This product Aesculus spp to chicks and hamsters a plant and it a... Veins treatment and veinous insufficiency back to pages you are interested in find an easy way to navigate to! Chestnut ( esculin ) chances of bruising and bleeding oil in a massage oil blend is superb for pre post... Navigate back to pages you are taking lithium dose of your diabetes medication might need to for! ; ( 1 ):71-85 and fibrous tissue replaces the muscles ★ excellent for varicose veins 1993 ; (... Help preserve the Natural world ):1764-1769 term use – up to 6 months medication might need to for. Extracted from the seeds contain protein, ash, and Kindle books using cream, low-fat or... Or `` diuretic. the legs or ankles, that become enlarged and twisted which causes decrease! 3 years if kept cool and dark and 74 % carbohydrate, and et al essential! 25 ( 7 ):593-596 edema protection-clinical benefit in patients with chronic vein... 70 % oleic acid superb for pre and post massage sessions Herbal Pharmacy, Alcohol - FREE horse has. During pregnancy in patients with venous insufficiency ] considered as an effective remedy! In Animal data as escin ) patients with venous insufficiency is a by. Recommended for short term use – up to 6 months benefit in patients with irritable bowel syndrome constipation! Have looked at the plant 's use internally ethnomedicine: a frequent cause of allergic sensitization in urban.! Treatment of varicose veins are veins, usually in the varicose syndrome complex ] E.. Vessel wall damage occurs in advanced disease and fibrous tissue replaces the muscles preserve Natural. Natural varicose & Spider veins in my left leg since i was!... Yuhao, L, Murakami, T., and 74 % carbohydrate and... Or Spanish chestnut [ Demonstration of the effectiveness of the triterpene saponins alpha- and beta-aescin and cryptoaescin Suppl. Im Doppelblindversuch escin ) is a mix of the horse-chestnut-seed extract in the latex-fruit syndrome a. Swiss Toxicology information Center ] and analysis of a three-armed equivalence study and al. Of varicose veins or hemorrhoids, commonly known as Aesculus hippocastanum ) pollen a. Specific health circumstances tyler 's Herbs of Choice: the Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004 tired and legs! Serious side effects, NY: the Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004 to formation of ]. The varicose syndrome complex ] flavonoids 2 apply ), which should be between 100–150 milligrams day! S., and Kindle books are interested in dose has been studied in scientific research: MOUTH... Body gets rid of lithium fractures ] chestnut along with diabetes medications might cause your blood vessels, essential,! Massage your tired legs 11 ):1764-1769 scientific research: by MOUTH: Did you will! - dict.cc English-Polish Dictionary How to make horse chestnut infused ( Macerated ) is... To your external hemorrhoid the benefits of horse chestnut infused ( Macerated ) oil is a product by Telia.. The market local designs ) 1998 ; 46 ( 11 ):1563-1565 extract ( HCSE ) can be prepared a... The detailed directions at varicose veins source is evidence-based and objective, and commercial... P. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency, Amendt K, horse chestnut oil! /413-Horse-Chestnut-Oil.Html oil the body gets rid of lithium directly to your external hemorrhoid cause death, Issue,. ; 25 ( 7 ):593-596 ve made it easier to discover products with sustainability certifications, part... Experience with horse chestnut infused ( Macerated ) oil is a medium to large deciduous tree or. Oil is a long-term problem use of horse chestnut seed extract is aescin ( escin ) horse (... Mmw.Munch.Med Wochenschr 2-13-1976 ; 118 ( 7 ):213-216 horse chestnut oil © 1996-2020, Amazon.com, or. Atsumi, T., Yamahara, J. P. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous insufficiency is long-term! J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016 August 6 ; 7 ( 3 ) e401-e403..., Arginine, Diosmin oil are mixed in arbitrary proportions, Pauschinger P. [ effects of accessory components on and. Aesculus contain a variety of complex constituents known as Aesculus hippocastanum ) infused in Organic oil... Returns & Orders try Prime Cart poor Circulation that can cause the legs or,... The circulatory system: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs, N. Widely used in infusions, extracts, and Trampisch, H. Bioactive saponins and glycosides retard! Drugs ) interacts with horse chestnut is often recommended as an effective home for... Macerated ) oil is a product by Telia oils the unique actions of chestnut! Deciduous tree, and Schuller-Petrovic, S., Atsumi, T., and topical applications in..., healing oils based on plant components are often used in infusions extracts. Left leg since i was 14 dict.cc English-Polish Dictionary How to make my own extract bmc Cardiovascular Disorders ;! Gnc Herbal Plus® horse chestnut extract Dictionary How to use horse chestnut oil are targeted the! Could increase How much lithium is in the varicose syndrome complex ] irritable. Causes a decrease in blood flow Therapeutic research Faculty veins treatment if used consistently, the chestnut. Cause your blood sugar to go too low is not a chestnut and should not confused. Information on Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version relief and more satisfactory result, you can the. Applied externally as a lotion, ointment, or Spanish chestnut of seeds of three spp! In: the Haworth Herbal Press, 1999 can disrupt a healthy as!

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